Verses from Surah Al-Hijr
with explanations from Ishraq al-Ma`ani
[1] Alif. Lam. Mim. These are verses of
a Book2 and a clear Recitation. [2] Much3 will those who
disbelieved wish (one day) they were Muslims4 [3] Leave
them alone: eating and enjoying themselves.5 Hope
distracts them.6 But soon they will know.7 [4] We did
not destroy a people but they had a known decree.8 [5]
And no nation outstrips its term nor postpones it.9 [6]
They say, ‘O ye, to whom the Reminder has been revealed,
surely, you are mad.10 [7] Why do you not bring angels
to us, if you be of the truthful?’ [8] (But) We do not
send down angels except in truth.11 And then, they would
not be given respite. [9] Indeed, it is We who have
revealed the Reminder, and it is indeed We who will be
its Guardian.12
Commentary:
1. Except for a
few verses, over whose identity there is no agreement,
the whole chapter is Makkan (Alusi).
2. That is, these are magnificent, noble verses of a
Book which alone, because of its qualities, deserves to
be referred to as “the Book (worth its name)” - Shabbir.
3. The word “rubba” is used with various conjunctions to
yield a variety of meanings. The linguists agree that
although at this point the meaning is of “sometimes” or
“a few times”, the hidden implication is “quite often”
or, as we have rendered, “much” (Razi). Qurtubi says the
word is used in both the senses, although less in the
sense of “quite often.”
4. According to Ibn Mas`ud, Ibn ‘Abbas, Abu Musa and
others, this will happen when, condemned to the Fire,
sinning Muslims and unbelievers alike, will be in Hell.
The unbelievers will taunt the Muslims: ‘So it doesn’t
look like your faith in Allah did you any good,’ until
Allah will be provoked to anger. He will then allow the
intercessors to intercede for the unbelievers and they
will begin to leave one after another. When the last of
them is gone, the lid will be finally laid over the
Hellfire and sealed. It is then that the unbelievers
will say, “O that we were believers” (Ibn Jarir,
Razi, Ibn Kathir).
According to one report in Ibn Marduwayh and Tabarani,
and of trustworthy chain of narration, the Prophet
(saws) recited this verse after making the above
statement (Alusi).
Dahhak and Qatadah said that such wishing will begin
from the time angels appear before the unbeliever at
death, and at every stage thereafter (Ibn Jarir, Razi,
Qurtubi).
There are in fact at least four ahadith that explain
this verse in this way (although all not very
trustworthy, but one strengthening the other: Au.).
According to one of them the sinning believers will stay
in Hell for lengths of time in accordance with their
sins, some a day, others a year, and some others for as
long as the age of the universe, from the day of its
creation to the day of destruction (Ibn Kathir).
Majid comments: “In a minor degree one finds a similar
feeling experienced in this very world. ‘Renan said that
he never entered a mosque without a lively emotion, or
even without a certain regret at not being a Muslim.’
(Arnold, Islamic Faith, p. 29).”
5. This is Allah’s mercy and justice. If the unbelievers
use their faculty of reasoning to choose to deny some
hard facts of life and death, and devote themselves
madly to building up this world, then, why should they
be denied the fruits of their works? (Au.)
Razi writes: The verse should lead us to believer that
an overwhelming indulgence in worldly affairs should be
avoided by an intelligent Muslim.
6. The Prophet (saws) has said, “The first generation
Muslims succeeded by faith and renunciation, and the
last of them will be destroyed by parsimony and vain
hopes.” He also said, “Four things are a sign of bad
luck: inability to cry, hardness of the heart, vain
hopes and greed of this world” (Qurtubi). The hadith is
in Bazzar, reported by Anas (Shafi`).
7. It is worth quoting here Yusuf Ali’s soothing words:
“The foolish and the wicked set great store by the
pleasures of this world. In their pride they think they
have all knowledge. In the fullness of knowledge they
will see how wrong they were. Meanwhile those who have
received the Light should not for a single moment wonder
at the apparent prosperity of the ungodly in this world.
They should leave them alone, confident in the goodness
and justice of Allah.”
8. The unbelievers usually taunt the believers: ‘If we
are wrong, why do we prosper? Why are we not destroyed?’
The answer is in this verse: “We did not destroy a
people but they had a known decree.” There is a time for
prosperity and there is a term for destruction (Au.,
with a point from Thanwi).
9. Asad comments: “I.e., every community - and, in the
widest sense of this term, every civilization - has a
God-willed, organic span of life resembling in this
respect all other living organisms, destined to grow, to
reach maturity and ultimately to decay.”
Yusuf Ali has a more detailed note. He writes, “There
are many shades of meaning implied. (1) For every
people, as for every individual, there is a definite
Term assigned: their faculty of choice gives them the
opportunity of moulding their will according to Allah’s
Will, and thus identifying themselves with Allah’s
Universal Law. During that Term they will be given
plenty of rope; after that Term is past, there will be
no opportunity for repentance. (2) Neither the righteous
nor the ungodly can hasten or delay the doom: Allah’s
will must prevail, and he is All-Wise. (3) The
destruction of a people is not an arbitrary punishment
from Allah: the people bring it upon themselves by their
own choice; for the fixed Law or Decree of Allah is
always made known to them beforehand, and in many ways.”
10. There can be two implications. Either, they took the
physical effects of Revelation coming down upon the
Prophet (saws), when it appeared to them as if he was in
a trance, as signs of madness; or, they thought it
impossible that anyone in the world should receive
revelations from Allah, and so, to explain the
phenomenon, they had to say that he was possessed, which
is another meaning of the textual word “majnun” (Razi).
Yusuf Ali sheds light on another aspect: “Al-Mustafa was
accused by the ungodly of being mad or possessed,
because he spoke of higher things than they knew, and
acted from motives purer and nobler than they could
understand. So, in a minor degree, is the lot of all the
righteous in the presence of an ungodly world. Their
motives, actions, words, hopes, and aspirations are
unintelligible to their fellows, and they are accused of
being mad or out of their senses. But they know that
they are on the right path, and it is the ungodly who
are really acting against their own best interests.”
Alusi has another implication to offer: Another
derivable meaning of the verse is that one may not deny
the validity or authenticity of esoteric knowledge or
“states” that the Sufiya claim or evince, a denial in
the manner of those ignorant Muslims who attribute some
of their actions or words to madness. However, in mind
are the true masters, learned Sufis, who closely follow
the Shari`ah, and not the pseudo-Sufis, friends of the
devil, teeming in today’s world, compared to whom the
corrupt and atheistic Muslims are Islamically less
sinful.
11. That is, angels are not sent down but for a true
purpose: either with a message to a Prophet, or with the
command to destroy a nation (Ibn Jarir, Ibn Kathir).
12. The first part of the verse makes a claim: “We have
revealed this Reminder.” The second part offers a proof:
“We shall be its Guardian” (Thanwi).
And the meaning of the second half is: We shall prevent
any distortion, addition, deletion or the loss of the
revelational text of the Qur’an - a promise that has
given the Qur’an the unique position of being the only
revelation around that has escaped corruption at man’s
hand (Au.).
Shabbir adds: Just think about it. A ten-year old Indian
boy, who cannot memorize a few pages in his own
language, memorizes the whole of the lengthy Arabic
Qur’an, interspersed in hundreds of places with similar
words, phrases and sentences, and then recites like a
machine, without a break, and, in fact, will correct an
elderly renowned scholar, if he quotes the Qur’an wrong,
and not only he, but, several voices intolerant of even
a minor error impatiently correct his error in an
assembly! Is this not a manifestation of Allah’s promise
that He will guard this Revelation?
This writer once had the occasion to testing a young
Indian lad, about ten year old, who had memorized the
Qur’an. I tested the boy by asking him to start reciting
from where I asked, and, to my amazement, the boy would
start off from wherever I would ask: a feat only those
are capable of, who have devoted the best years of their
life towards mastering the Qur’an.
Sayyid has a few points here: “Times came upon the
Qur’an when there were many factions, divisions,
disagreements and uprisings. Every group sought support
from the Qur’an and prophetic sayings. The uprisings
were supported by the ever trouble-creating Jews and
pushed along by the so-called ‘people’s’ movements.
These divisive groups were able to introduce into the
hadith literature material which they could argue their
points with: a pollution that took the scholars decades
to get rid of. The factions also tried to give new
meanings to Qur’anic verses.
“Then came upon the Muslims a time, through which we are
now passing, when they weakened in the defense of their
religion, their faith, and their system of life. In fact
they became too weak to be able to defend their lands,
their wealth, their morals and values. They couldn’t
even defend their minds and intellect. Their enemies
overcame them and changed every good thing to evil.
Beliefs, ideologies, values of life, morals, conduct,
systems, laws - just about everything underwent changes.
In fact, their enemies beautified for them their
downfall and pushed them to a life little better than
those of animals, making them accept every mean thing in
the name of 'advancement', 'improvement', 'secularism',
'enlightenment', 'scientific and technological
development', 'forward march', 'freedom', 'removal of
the chains', 'revolution' ... and the rest of the
balderdash. The Muslims were transformed into Muslims
only in name, with nothing of the religion of Islam
remaining with them as their share, converted to scum
which is good for nothing except that it could be used
as fuel for the fire, yet, fuel of little worth.
“Their enemies, spearheaded by the Jews, a people with
their four thousand years of experience of corrupting
the nations, laid for them many traps and were able to
execute several plans. They were able to give new
meanings to the Sunnah of the Prophet, new
interpretations to the events of their history, even
inventing events that never took place, and planting
among them individuals from outside, managing to give
them new set of heroes who could destroy the Muslims and
their religion from within.
“Over the centuries, the enemies of Islam achieved all
these things. But, although the Muslims lost the power
to defend the Qur’an, even abandoned it, casting it
behind their backs as if it did not exist, yet, one
thing the enemies of Islam could not accomplish was to
corrupt the Holy Book or introduce a single verse into
it. This is the manifestation and fulfillment of the
promise, ‘Indeed, We have revealed the Qur’an, and We
shall be its Guardian.’”
Majid compares: “The Bible in particular makes no such
claims ... The Bible is the work of a large number of
poets, prophets, statesmen, and lawgivers, extending
over a vast period of time and incorporates within
itself other and earlier, and often conflicting
documents” (Bosworth Smith, p. 19).
To the above we might add the following from the
Church-approved, St. Jerome Biblical Commentary,
produced by some fifty highly qualified scholars
selected from Catholic, Protestant and other
denominations: “Although God is the author of the Sacred
Scripture, it is also true that human beings made their
own genuine contribution to the production of the sacred
books - a point firmly stated by Pius XII in Divine
Afflante Spiritu (EB 556), when he remarked that the
human writers employ their faculties and powers in the
composition of Scripture.”
A little below: “That a human factor stands at the
origin of Scripture has never been doubted.”
Further down again: “The real creativity of the human
writers is also suggested in the few scenes that the
Bible provides showing the sacred writers at work on
their documents. Thus in the Foreword to Sir (Sirach)
the writer states that he developed pains and labor to
the composition of his book and begs indulgence for any
imperfections that may exist in the finished work…
(Similarly), In the NT (New Testament) Luke (I: 14-16)
writes of the personal research that he has incorporated
into the composition of his Gospel.”
A little further down: “Hence in contemporary Catholic
thought great stress is placed on the Bible as truly the
word of God expressed in words that are truly the
product of human minds, as though two ‘artists’ composed
the book of Scripture: God and man.” (St. Jerome
Biblical Commentary, Prentice-Hall inc., Ind.
publication, 1980, Vol. II, pp. 503, 504) – Au.
And, with reference to the last paragraph above, may we
point out that the “contemporary”, “great stress” on
Bible as “(in part a) product of human minds” coincided
with the manufacture of printing presses and publication
of the Bible, which allowed common Christians to read
the scripture themselves, until then banned by the
Church. Maybe there is a connection between the “open
admission” by the Church (after the lapse of several
centuries), and the Christian laity beginning to read
the Bible themselves (Au.).
What about the Jewish Scriptures? The Jewish religion
has two foundation principles: Yahweh is the racial god
of the Jews, and Palestine is the land promised to them.
Nothing else matters for them. And these principles are
laid down in the Torah. But how trustworthy is the
Torah, which portrays a Prophet as getting excessively
drunk and lying naked (Genesis, 9: 20) another as having
intercourse with his daughters (Gen., 20: 30-38), and a
third as indulging in idol-worship (1kings, 11: 1-8)?
What do the Jews themselves think about this Holy
Scripture? Let us hear a Jew. Max I. Dimont, the well
known Jewish scholar of the modern times who writes in
his famous work, Jews, God and History: “The final
fusion of the first five books of Moses, called
Pentateuch, (the Torah: au.), occurred around 450 B.C. -
in other words, eight to sixteen hundred years after
some of the events narrated in them took place.”
The same author, who idolizes the Jews in his works,
writes: “Biblical scholars have conjectured that the Old
Testament is composed of four narratives, the ‘J,’ ‘E,’
‘JE,’ and ‘P’ documents woven in one. The ‘J’ documents
are so named because in them God is always referred to
as ‘Jehovah.’ They are the oldest, written around the
ninth century B.C. in the southern kingdom of Judah. The
‘E’ documents, so called because in them God is referred
to as ‘Elohim,’ were written a hundred years after the
‘J’ documents in the eighth century in the northern
kingdom of Israel. Scholars assume the ‘P,’ or
‘Priestly,’ documents were composed some two hundred
years or so after the ‘E,’ about 600 B.C. In the fifth
century, Jewish priests combined portions of the ‘J’ and
‘E’ documents, adding a little handiwork of their own
(known as pious fraud), which are referred to as ‘JE’
documents, since God in these passages is referred to as
‘Jehovah Elohim’ (translated as ‘Lord God.’) - Jews, God
and History, Signet classic pub., 1962, p. 40. The words
in brackets are Dimont’s (Au.).
A question arises about the Qur’an. ‘Why did the
Companions compile it, after the promise that it will be
guarded?’ The answer is, their compilation was one of
the means that Allah (swt) adopted for guarding it (Razi).
That the Qur’an has been preserved as it was revealed is
widely accepted in scholarly circles. Majid produces the
testimony of, in his words, “a few such unwilling
witnesses”:
(i) ‘The text of the Qur’an is the purest of all the
works of a like antiquity’ (Wherry, Commentary on the
Qur’an, I., p. 349).
(ii) ‘Othman’s recension has remained the authorized
text ... from the time it was made until the present
day’ (Palmer, ‘The Qur’an’, Intro. P. LIX).
(iii) ‘The text of this recension substantially
corresponds to the actual utterances of Muhammad
himself’ (Arnold, Islamic Faith, p. 9).
(iv) ‘All sects and parties have the same text of the
Qur’an’ (Hurgronje, Mohammadenism, p. 18).
(v) ‘It is an immense merit in the Qur’an that there is
no doubt as to its genuineness ... That very word we can
now read with full confidence that it has remained
unchanged through nearly thirteen hundred years’
(Lane-Pool, SLK, Intro. P. C).
(vi) ‘The recension of ‘Othman has been handed down to
us unaltered ... There is probably in the world no other
work which has remained twelve centuries with so pure a
text’ (Miur, op. cit. Intro. pp. xxii).
(vii) ‘In the Qur’an we have, beyond reasonable doubt,
the exact words of Mohammad without subtraction and
without addition’ (Bosworth Smith, op. cit. p. 22).
(viii) ‘The Koran ... lies before us practically
unchanged from the form which he himself (Muhammad) gave
it’ (Torrey, Jewish Foundations of Islam, p. 2).
(ix) “Modern critics agree that the copies current today
are almost exact replicas of the original mother-text as
compiled by Zayd (some ten years after the Prophet at
the time of the third caliph ‘Uthman: Au.), and that, on
the whole, the text of the Koran today is as Muhammad
produced it.” (Hitti, op. cit. p. 123).
To the above, this author might add his own:
“Apart from certain orthographical modifications of the
originally somewhat primitive method of writing,
intended to render unambiguous and easy the task of
reading and recitation, the Koran as printed in the
twentieth century is identical with the Koran as
authorized by ‘Uthman more than 1300 years ago” (A.J.
Araberry, The Koran Interpreted, Foreword).
“The Koranic revelation followed each other at brief
intervals and were at first committed to memory… During
Mohammad’s life-time verses were written on palm-leaves,
stones, and any material that came to hand. Their
collection was completed during the caliphate of Omar,
the second caliph, and an authorized version was
established during the caliphate of Othman, his
successor (644-56 A.D.). To this day this version
remains as the authoritative word of God” (The Koran,
translated with notes by N.J.Dawood [a Jew], Foreword,
Penguin Publications, 1976).
Qurtubi narrates the following anecdote: The following
was read in the presence of the famous Shaikha, the
learned, pride of womenfolk, Shahda the daughter of Abu
Nasr, in her own house. Yahya b. Ukthum said, “Once when
Ma’mun was conducting his court a smart looking,
well-dressed Jew came in. He spoke in a well-polished
language. As he was leaving, Ma’mun (d. 218 A.H.) asked
him, ‘Are you a Jew?’ He said yes. Ma’mun suggested that
he embrace Islam and he would offer him such and such
things as gift. The man said, ‘I think I’ll hold on to
my religion.’ Then he left. It should so happen that the
man re-appeared in the court after a year - this time as
a Muslim. When he was about to leave Ma’mun asked him,
‘Aren’t you the one who was here last year?’ He said,
‘Yes, indeed.’ Ma’mun asked him what made him embrace
Islam. He said, ‘After I left you, I said to myself,
“Let me check on these three religions.” So, I prepared
three copies of the Torah, adding and deleting verses of
my own. Then I went around and offered them to the
Synagogues. They bought them with no complaints. Next I
did the same thing with the New Testament and sold the
copies to the Church authorities. They too purchased
without a comment. Finally, I did the same thing with
the Qur’an and offered for sale to Muslim (book
sellers). They examined them at length and then threw
them away, refusing to buy, saying that the Book had
been altered. That led me to believe that the Qur’an is
a revelation that has been preserved.’”
When Sufyan b. ‘Uyayna learned of the story he remarked:
The safeguarding of the earlier scriptures was left to
the humans (but they corrupted them) so Allah (swt) took
it upon Himself to guard the Final revelation. When
asked how he could prove the statement that previous
nations were charged to safeguard their revelations, he
quoted the verse (5: 44): “Surely, We sent down the
Tawrah wherein was guidance and a Light. The Prophets
who had surrendered themselves gave judgment thereby for
those of the Jewry (who believed in it), as did the
godly men and the scholars, following what of Allah’s
book they were charged to preserve - and they were
witnesses to it. So fear not the people (O Prophet),
rather, fear Me (alone) and sell not My revelations for
a paltry price. And whoso judges not by what Allah has
revealed ... such ... they are the unbelievers.”
It might be explained with reference to the above story
that Ma’mun was the first Caliph in Islam who set up
academies of study and translation. He collected
together thousands of scholars at Baghdad and conducted
special sessions, in which he himself presided. Every
learned man could participate in those sessions. (See
Shibli’s Urdu work Al-Ma’mun). Further, in those days
books were hand-written. Copyists produced them, often
on demand, but, pressed by economic needs, would do it
on their own too. They then offered them to the
booksellers. The bookseller would normally ask the man
to leave his work for evaluation. The book was examined
for its content, oftentimes compared with previous
copies, either in stock, or in the personal library of a
scholar, and then, depending on the ink, the paper, the
style of writing, size of the work, etc., a price was
offered. Many of the booksellers employed editors who
checked the texts for accuracy (Au.).
Shafi` adds: It must be understood that what we know as
“the Qur’an” is the name of two elements: the words and
the meaning. Neither the words are the Qur’an, nor the
meanings are the Qur’an; but rather, when both are
brought together. For example, if somebody pieces
together a few disparate phrases taken from the Qur’an,
patching them up with his own words in between, it does
not become “the Qur’an” because of the foreign words.
Many religious books have passages of this sort.
Similarly, merely expression of the meaning does not
make a piece of writing the Qur’an. For example, a
translation of the Qur’an is not the Qur’an since no
translation can express the true meaning of the Qur’an,
and that is how it should be referred to: meaning of the
Qur’an, and not the Qur’an.
Further, it is agreed by the scholars, that the Qur’an
should not be quoted in meaning, sense, or with the
addition of the words, “to this effect.” Rather, the
original words themselves should be quoted, even in
conversations, or not at all. At best, if one cannot
recall the actual words, he might say, “I think there is
something about the topic at hand in the Qur’an” (Au.).
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